Measurement and data processing

	Measurement and Data Processing
	Equipment Titration apparatus quiz Apparatus names 1, 2, 3 Apparatus and equipment anagrams to solve - good for spelling Forgot to note an uncertainty? Here are standard values for volumetric glassware Significant figures and uncertainties Significant figures and measuring uncertainties (.doc) Good practice here (flash file, used many times in class) Practice calculating with SFs (you'll need your calculator) More Practice site here (java file, may need authorising on your computer) Propagating uncertainties: simple and more advanced cases with examples (NB IB uses % uncertainty instead of the 'relative error' mentioned here)	Moles and stoichiometry Balancing equations (basics) Balancing equations using algebra The mole If you sometimes find mole calculations confusing, this "MOLE MAP" may be useful Chemistry : worked problems and tutorials Stoiciometry simulations Here are some worked examples and others just with answers for practice. More examples. Don't forget that for multiple choice questions you don't usually need precise atomic masses and you have NO CALCULATOR so learn to use proportionality.
	Empirical Formulas How to calculate empirical formulas Download and run this practice programme (includes answers) Uncertainty and Experimental Error N.B. Uncertainty (%) is closely linked to precision while experimental error (%) is connected with accuracy. Unknown errors come in two flavours: systematic and random - only random errors will be reduced by repeating your measurements many times. *Perhaps surprisingly, repeating a measurement DOES NOT reduce apparatus uncertainty, but it could help to define it, if it is not known. So the average of five volume measurements with a burette whose uncertainty is +/- 0.05 mL will NOT divide that uncertainty by five...it remains +/-0.05 mL	Limiting reagent & Yields You might like to try doing some of these limiting reagent examples too. Check answers with me. Try out these simulations (S1, S2, S3). Balance the equations, choose starting masses and calculate the masses produced yourself before running the simulation. A similar exercise with gas volumes How to calculate a yield correctly, with an example
	Precision and accuracy Practice your measuring technique with these simple (?) exercise Practice Analysis exercise (based on old syllabus but still valid)	Gases Gas Laws Explore the kinetic theory of gases using this programme
	Index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)	Infrared spectroscopy* A nice site which explains details that may be useful for an investigation
	1H n.m.r. Spectroscopy*	X-ray Diffraction*